VanOrdstrand HS, Hughes R, DeNardi JM, Carmody MG. Beryllium poisoning. Toxicological Profile for Beryllium. Chronic beryllium disease among dental technicians in Israel. Beryllium is a likely candidate as a lung carcinogen. Horng CJ, Horng PH, Lin SC, Tsai JL, Lin SR, Tzeng CC. Measures need to be taken to prevent hazardous exposure to this element, making its biological monitoring in the workplace essential. Madl AK, Unice K, Brown JL, Kolanz ME, Kent MS. Exposure-response analysis for beryllium sensitization and chronic beryllium disease among workers in a beryllium metal machining plant. The time frame used was principally 19312010, subdivided into nine-year categories, although articles of extreme importance from earlier decades were used wherever appropriate. the contents by NLM or the National Institutes of Health. Henneberger PK, Goe SK, Miller WE, Doney B, Groce DW. A major cause of chemical pollution still remains the discharge of wastewater that originates from either domestic use or industry. [61] Worker populations that have had the BeLPT test can be used to determine genetic associations and dysregulated inflammation during progression of disease. [1] The Federal Government targets such sites for massive clean-up operations, with 535 out of 1,613 sites testing positive for beryllium in 2002. The epidemiological evidence on the carcinogenicity of beryllium in humans. . Geologic Processes and Mineralogical Characteristics of DepositsWe are analyzing ore samples from various beryllium deposits, to determine the timing, duration and recurrence patterns of geologic processes favorable for enrichment of beryllium to economic grades. Immunogenetic factors in beryllium sensitization and chronic beryllium disease. [1], Beryllium is found in various concentrations in the soil, although typical levels are ca. Classic symptoms of CBD include cough, shortness of breath, fatigue, fever, night sweats, appetite loss, and weight loss. An official website of the United States government. 1 L/min and analyzed using atomic absorption spectrophotometry (30 min at 0.025 mg/m3). Beryllium-induced lung disease can occur when beryllium dust or fumes are inhaled. It was presumed that collective articles detailing known factors of usage were not necessarily correlated with functionality and health. [5] Review of medical records of residents surrounding a beryllium facility showed that probable causes of CBD either displayed an abnormal blood test for beryllium and radiographic evidence consistent with disease, or met epidemiological criteria for CBD based on beryllium case registry criteria. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. Kittle LA, Sawyer RT, Fadok VA, Maier LA, Newman LS. Tinkle SS, Antonini JM, Rich BA, Roberts JR, Salmen R, DePree K, et al. Maier LA. [31] Allergic reactions may result in people who are hypersensitive to it, resulting in extreme cases of CBD. Beryllium disease screening in the ceramics industry. Pathogenesis and clinical features (Part 2)]. Below are multimedia items associated with this project. [64], Chronic beryllium disease may be diagnosed via outpatient bronchoscopy with bronchoalveolar lavage and transbronchial biopsy. [62], The USA allows testing in workers exposed to high levels of the metal, particularly those i) working in machine shops and via household contacts, ii) living within one-quarter of a mile of a beryllium-processing plant; and/or iii) having a diagnosis of sarcoidosis. [81] The frequency of beryllium-specific T cells in the blood of beryllium-exposed subjects may be a useful biomarker that helps to discriminate between beryllium sensitization and progression to CBD. Sanderson WT, Ward EM, Steenland K, Petersen MR. and transmitted securely. Apostoli P, Porru S, Alessio L. Behaviour of urinary beryllium in general population and in subjects with low-level occupational exposure. Beryllium has no known biological role, and its dust causes chronic inflammation of the lungs and shortage of breath. In dental technicians exposed to 0.041.70 g/m3 beryllium, urinary levels reached average levels of 0.34 g/L vs. controls (0.26 g/L). In all cases, favorable binding energies were obtained, reflecting the attractive nature of the interaction involving the trivalent beryllium atom (-BeF 3 moiety). Years 197180 and 198190 were not significantly different and years 19511960 showed a lack of suitable articles. [44] More work is needed to show that the evaluation of urinary beryllium levels is a suitable tool for determining occupational exposure to the metal.[45]. Beryllium (Be) mostly occurs naturally as beryllium aluminium silicate (beryl), 3BeO.Al2O3.6SiO2. [Article in French]. It seems that some types of camping gas mantle may cause problems . Up-regulation of programmed death-1 expression on beryllium-specific CD4+ T cells in chronic beryllium disease. 8600 Rockville Pike [22] Lung cancer is likely during exposure with an excess relative risk of 1.21.6. Poisoning by vapors of beryllium oxyfluoride. Fontenot AP, Palmer BE, Sullivan AK, Joslin FG, Wilson CC, Maier LA, et al. Genetic susceptibility and immune-mediated destruction in beryllium-induced disease. Leonard A, Lauwerys R. Mutagenicity, carcinogenicity and tetragenicity of beryllium. Chronically, it results in sarcoid-like granulomata mainly in the lungs and is occasionally subcutaneous. In conclusion, chronic beryllium disease still belongs to the spectrum of differential diagnoses of granulomatous disorders. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the Kelleher PC, Martyny JW, Mroz MM, Maier LA, Ruttenber AJ, Young DA, et al. Stange AW, Furman FJ, Hilmas DE. A mouse hybrid macrophage cell line, H36.12j, provides a useful tool for evaluating the mechanisms by which beryllium stimulates macrophage cytokine production and by which T cell-derived interferon- amplifies TNF- production in granulomatous diseases. Beryllium sensitivity is linked to HLA-DP genotype. [20], Absorption of beryllium is principally via the lungs. Target organ localization of memory CD4+ T cells in patients with chronic beryllium disease. Beryl ore occurs as colorless, blue-green, yellow or white, transparent, hexagonal crystals that are insoluble in acid. Beryllium Supply Chain. Beryllium bronze is a copper-berrylium alloy, comprising from 0.5 to 3% beryllium, in some cases other impurities may be added. Maier LA, Martyny JW, Liang J, Rossman MD. [80] Analysis of the alleles reveals antigen-binding grooves and that subgroups with the greatest electronegativity have the most pronounced associations with chronic beryllium disease status. [1] As a component of alloys, beryllium contributes hardness, strength, and high electrical and thermal conductivity, and enhances resistance to corrosion, wear, and fatigue.[4]. [1] Beryllium compounds may stay in the soil for thousands of years. Facts about testing for beryllium sensitization. [1] Extremely small beryllium particles may remain suspended in the air for up to ten days. So I thought, well maybe beryllium [will] compete with the magnesium in chlorophyll and have some interesting biological effects. Kreiss K, Wasserman S, Mroz MM, Newman LS. [47] At present, no health-based guideline values exist for beryllium in drinking water. Gallium is a soft, silvery metallic element with an atomic number of 31 and the chemical symbol Ga. Gallium is used in a wide variety of products that have microelectronic components containing either gallium arsenide (GaAs) or gallium nitride (GaN). Identification of pathogenic T cells in patients with beryllium-induced lung disease. [92] Sensitization and CBD are multigenetic processes and the specific genes involved interact with exposure and determine the risk of the disease. [110] One study emphasized the need to investigate aerosol exposure to beryllium from particles on fabric fibres resuspended from garments. [3], Bertrandite and beryl are mined commercially for the recovery of beryllium ore, with very pure gem-quality beryl being known as aquamarine (blue or blue-green) or emerald (green). [3] Some fruits and vegetables accumulate beryllium, especially pears and kidney beans. Epidemiology of beryllium sensitization and disease in nuclear workers. Kreiss K, Mroz MM, Zhen B, Martyny JW, Newman LS. 113-170. Lombardi G, Germain C, Uren J, Fiorillo MT, du Bois RM, Jones-Williams W, et al. Lung cancer case-control study of beryllium workers. Beryllium disease. Beryl which contains ca. This paper investigated the enrichment, biological effect, and mobility of beryllium (Be) in surface sediments of the Zaozhuang section. [36] Thus, adults need as much information as possible to make informed decisions regarding their children's health. U.S. harumakigosun). Classically, BeS, an immunologically mediated allergic reaction, may develop at random, shortly following exposure or years later. [1] In a study of 88 wines from four regions (Pfalz-Bad Drkheim, Pfalz-Landau, Rheinhessen-Ingelheim, and Rheinhessen-Dienheim in Germany), the authors[47] concluded that beryllium content was on average 1.27 g/L (min. [42] Further studies on the chronic effects of beryllium exposure by concentrations accumulated in a particular surface area every 48 hours would be useful to gauge the association between concentration exposure and pathology. The understanding of beryllium chemistry in human body fluids is important for understanding the prevention and treatment of chronic beryllium disease. Hong-Geller E, Pardington PE, Cary RB, Sauer NN, Gupta G. Chemokine regulation in response to beryllium exposure in human peripheral blood mononuclear and dendritic cells. Some articles were published in sources unobtainable through requests at the British Library and some had no impact factor and were excluded. To collate information on the consequences of occupational and environmental exposure to beryllium on physiological function and well being. Beryllium bronze is different: Increased density and strength in combination with non-magnetic characteristics and the complete absence of sparking. Bocio and colleagues[49] found that whilst some metals (As, Cd, Hg, and Pb) were consumed by the Tarragona County population at elevated levels in the local foods, beryllium levels were found to be below the limits of detection (0.05 g/g of food). [30] As many as 134,000 current workers in the government and in private industry are potentially exposed to beryllium in the United States. [37] Children are shorter than adults and may breathe dust, soil, and vapors close to the ground to a greater extent. [3] Beryllium nitrate is used as a chemical reagent and for stiffening mantles in gas and acetylene lamps. Beryllium-ferritin: lymphocyte proliferation and macrophage apoptosis in chronic beryllium disease. Ward E, Okun A, Ruder A, Fingerhut M, Steenland K. A mortality study of workers at seven beryllium processing plants. [1] The EPA has determined in various parts of the USA, that the drinking water concentration of beryllium is < 2 trillionths g/L water. Newman LS, Mroz MM, Maier LA, Daniloff EM, Balkissoon R. Efficacy of serial medical surveillance for chronic beryllium disease in a beryllium machining plant. Chaudhary A, Sauer NN, Gupta G. Beryllium-specific immune response in primary cells from healthy individuals. Official websites use .gov Drinking water usually has extremely low levels of beryllium, being found in 2002 to contaminate 5% of 1,577 samples in the USA with ca. [70] Although current releases to the ambient air are not considered hazardous, little is known about the fate of beryllium that was: released to the air and deposited since 1953, incidentally taken home by the facility's beryllium workers, or incidentally taken home by workers at machine shops contracting with the facility to machine beryllium alloys. Fireman E, Kramer MR, Priel I, Lerman Y. [1] However, whilst the presence of calcium in soils has been shown to enhance the uptake of some inorganic elements (e.g., K and Rb) by root crops, there is no evidence of selective uptake of beryllium in the presence of calcium. [3] Osteosarcoma has been induced in rabbits exposed to beryllium metal, beryllium carbonate, beryllium oxide, beryllium phosphate, beryllium silicate, or zinc beryllium silicate by intravenous injection and/or bone implantation. Beryllium (Be) is a critical metal mineral commodity with unique chemical properties, making it indispensable to the computer, telecommunication, aerospace, medical, defense, and nuclear industries. [13] Beryllium-induced proliferation of T lymphocytes from the lungs of CBD patients are associated with HLA-DP alleles possessing a glutamic acid in the 69th position of the B1 chain of this molecule. It has a very low density and a very high strength-to-weight ratio. The majority of unalloyed beryllium metal and beryllium composite products were used in defense and scientific applications. The risk of toxic material transfer, including metals, to the general population remains where drinking water is derived from sources that could have been affected by wastewater discharge (e.g., desalination plants or deep wells). [29] These criteria were as follows: The annual subdivision of articles by year are presented in Table 1. Pott GB, Palmer BE, Sullivan AK, Silviera L, Maier LA, Newman LS, Kotzin BL, et al. The conceptual design of our new fluorimetric approach for beryllium and biological ligand interaction study is depicted in Scheme 1.HBQS coordinates with Be 2+ and results in a fluorescence shift from 580 nm for HBQS to 480 nm for the Be-HBQS complex. Beryllium has no biological role in organisms and furthermore, its compounds are toxic, and therefore Be and its compounds have been identified as carcinogens to humans (Vaessen & Szteke, 2000. Welch L, Ringen K, Bingham E, Dement J, Takaro T, McGowan W, et al. [68], Genetic susceptibility studies in the workplace are useful as they provide a mechanistic insight into the etiology of the disease and the gene response, identify susceptible subpopulations that are exposed, and provide valuable input in setting occupational exposure limits. A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States. Recent chronic beryllium disease in residents surrounding a beryllium facility. [67] Significant lung function improvement may be seen following cessation of beryllium exposure. Deubner DC, Lowney YW, Paustenbach DJ, Wamerdam J. Beryllium is a Group II metallic element with a silver-grey-whitish color, an atomic weight of 9.01, melting point of 1,287C, boiling point of 2,970C, and density of 1.85 at 20C. [32], The most serious sites in the USA, the National Priorities List (NPL), where hazardous waste leaves one exposed to beryllium, have been identified and documented by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [1] A study by the EPA found the most beryllium detected at any one time was 2 millionths g/m3. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Two minerals, bertrandite (which is supplied domestically) and beryl (which is currently supplied solely by imports), are necessary to ensure a stable supply of high-purity beryllium metal, alloys, and metal-matrix composites and beryllium oxi, Nora K. Foley, Brian W. Jaskula, Nadine M. Piatak, Ruth F. Schulte, Beryllium is a lightweight metallic element used in a wide variety of specialty and industrial applications. 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