Here, we carried out molecular docking to focus on the binding affinity of these chemicals (ligands) to the mosquito antennal proteins, which could be the first report on this study area. How to Safely Use an Insect Repellent, Zika Virus: Information for Pregnant Women, https://www.who.int/teams/global-malaria-programme/reports/world-malaria-report-2022, https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2020/noninfectious-health-risks/mosquitoes-ticks-and-other-arthropods, https://www.healthychildren.org/English/safety-prevention/at-play/Pages/Insect-Repellents.aspx, https://www.aap.org/en/news-room/news-releases/health--safety-tips/american-academy-of-pediatrics-get-kids-outdoors-and-use-these-safety-tips-to-ward-off-insects-and-prevent-sunburn/, http://www.idph.state.il.us/envhealth/deetfacts.htm, https://www.cdc.gov/chikungunya/pdfs/fs_mosquito_bite_prevention_us.pdf, https://www.cdc.gov/zika/prevention/controlling-mosquitoes-at-home.html, https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/toolkit/deet.pdf, https://www.epa.gov/insect-repellents/skin-applied-repellent-ingredients, https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2001/08/010828075659.htm, http://npic.orst.edu/ingred/citronella.html, https://www.acog.org/news/news-releases/2016/01/acog-statement-on-zika-virus. Hence, based on the aforementioned concentrations, 6.68L, 16.4L, 5.46L and 15.26L of EO-MRV, EO-MRC, TNSF and control samples were loaded for SDS PAGE respectively. Chemical composition and repellent activity of essential oils of Tithonia diversifolia (Asteraceae) leaves against the bites of Anopheles coluzzii, Larvicidal and adulticidal effects of some Egyptian oils against Culex pipiens, Repellency Assessment of Nepeta cataria Essential Oils and Isolated Nepetalactones on Aedes aegypti, Repellent efficacy of 20 essential oils on Aedes aegypti mosquitoes and Ixodes scapularis ticks in contact-repellency assays, Zinc oxide nanoparticles using plant Lawsonia inermis and their mosquitocidal, antimicrobial, anticancer applications showing moderate side effects, Essential oils sensory quality and their bioactivity against the mosquito Aedes albopictus, Repellency and insecticidal activity of seven Mugwort (Artemisia argyi) essential oils against the malaria vector Anopheles sinensis, Development of cellulose nanocrystal-stabilized Pickering emulsions of massoia and nutmeg essential oils for the control of Aedes albopictus, Ovicidal toxicity of plant essential oils and their major constituents against two mosquito vectors and their non-target aquatic predators, https://www.statease.com/software/design-expert/, https://www.ibm.com/analytics/spss-statistics-software, http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs387/en/, https://www.perkinelmer.com/category/gas-chromatography-mass-spectrometry-gc-ms, https://www.osha.gov/laws-regs/regulations/standardnumber/1910/1910.1200AppA, https://www.atcc.org/~/media/DA5285A1F52C414E864C966FD78C9A79.ashx, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, Repellent active ingredients encapsulated in polymeric nanoparticles: potential alternative formulations to control arboviruses, Cancel EO-MRC exposed group was evidence with non-irritant to ocular tissues. Oven temperature of 40300C was programmed at 20C/min. The number of dead D. rerio in the three replicates was counted and used to determine the LC50 for 24h of exposure. Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment. GCMS chromatogram of EO-MRC is shown in Fig. PubMed If you find something abusive or that does not comply with our terms or guidelines please flag it as inappropriate. If internal consumption or other poisoning due to insect repellent has occurred call 911 or the National Poison Control Center at 1-800-222-1222. Jan 21, 2016. The electrophoresis was carried out in a Mini-PROTEAN Tetra System and PowerPacTM HC electrophoresis power supply system (Bio-Rad, CA, US). & Green, J. V. Acetylcholine-induced vasodilation is mediated by nitric oxide and prostaglandins in human skin. Thus, the overall study substantiates the development of EO based, longer lasting, non-toxic topical cream formulation to strategically minimize mosquito bites and to decrease the mosquito-borne disease incidents. Drug Des. Colucci, B. GCMS examination revealed various chemical components present in EOs. N,N-Diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (DEET), N,N-diethyl phenylacetamide (DEPA), dimethyl phthalate (DMP), N,N-di ethyl benzamide (DEBA) and allethrin, are utilized in most of the commercial mosquito repellent formulations11,22, which are persistent synthetic chemicals, and non-biodegradable23. Here are the side effects of mosquito repellents: * They can cause skin irritation, allergies, inflammation, rashes, and dizziness, and can make it difficult to concentrate in regular activities. OECD. 66, 290294 (2010). \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} 3}$$, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-06185-9. Mosquitoes, Ticks & Other Arthropods. Deaths due to malaria occur mostly in children under 5 years of age in Sub-Saharan Africa. 17, 182192 (2010). Prod. Pediatr. (Camb.) contracts here, Sign up for Nature Briefing: Translational Research. 200L of medium containing10% MTT reagent was then added to each well to get a final concentration of 0.5mg/mL and the plate was incubated at 37 and 5% CO2 atmosphere for 3h. Without disturbing the crystals formed in the wells, culture medium was completely removed. Lemon grass oil showed decomposition ranging from 60 to 228. Studies suggest that EOs might be almost as effective as DEET29,30,31. Fonseca-Santos, B., Del Nero Pacheco, C., Pinto, M. C. & Chorilli, M. An effective mosquito-repellent topical product from liquid crystal-based tea tree oil. Google Scholar. Synthetic repellents are always problematic and have negative public perceptions due to their side effects and toxicity to users as well as harmful effects to ecology and non-target organisms38,39,40. From molecular docking studies, we found eight compounds, namely, betula oil, cinnamaldehyde, citronellal, citronellol, estragole, eugenol, methyl eugenol and o-cymene, that showed better tendency to bind with the active site of all the three selected target proteins (data available in Supplementary Table S3). Mosquito bites. In: Mayo Clinic Guide to Self-Care. Some people are also allergic to certain chemicals in the mosquito repellent creams so it would be wise if you read the label and the package before purchasing the product. Entomol. keep repellents out of reach of children and pets. A single landing or probing of mosquito within a 3min test interval concludes the test. After completion of 24h from the last exposure, all animals were humanely sacrificed by cervical dislocation. Oil of Lemon Eucalyptus should NOT be used on children under 3 years. Change in AChE activity may result from exposure to certain chemicals or insecticides, which acts as cholinesterase inhibitors. Molecular docking study was carried out to find the component(s) of the EOs which have a tendency to bind with the target(s) associated with repellent activity. Regul. AChE enzymes are located at the synaptic cleft that hydrolyse the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) to acetate and choline and terminates synaptic transmission. Accessed Aug. 23, 2022. Benelli, G. & Mehlhorn, H. Declining malaria, rising of dengue and Zika virus: Insights for mosquito vector control. * Wear long-sleeved clothing * Avoid going out at peak mosquito times dusk and dawn. The target proteins odorant binding protein (OBP) for Aedes species (PDB: 3K1E) and for Anopheles species (PDB: 3QME), and TRPV1 for rat (PDB: 5IS0) were downloaded from protein data bank (www.rcsb.org)78. 58weeks old, about 210250g of male healthy adult Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus) and young and healthy New Zealand albino rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) were obtained from the institutional animal housing facility and allowed to acclimatize for 7days prior to the study. An FT-IR study confirmed the chemical compatibility of the EOs and excipients used in EO-MRC. Botanical essential oils and uses as mosquitocides and repellents against dengue. No remarkable changes had been observed for EO-MRC exposed skin tissues under histopathology study. Mayo Clinic does not endorse companies or products. Datas were evaluated using IBM SPSS Statistics 21 software (version 21.0, 1 New Orchard Road, Armonk, New York 10504-1722, United States, https://www.ibm.com/analytics/spss-statistics-software). For which, the effect of breathing EO fragrances from EO-MRC can be considerable. Mosq. The aqueous phase was prepared by mixing various aqueous soluble ingredients (phase C) under gentle heating and stirring. J. 1, S109S112 (2011). OECD. Accessed February 20, 2019. ; to determine daily mortality of pyrethroid resistant Ae. Design, development and assessment of an essential oil based slow release vaporizer against mosquitoes. The oil phase (phase B) was prepared by dissolving the oil soluble excipients, except phase A (mosquito repellent active ingredients) under mild heating at 200rpm in a hot magnetic plate stirrer (Magnetic Stirrer IKA RCT basic) and heated to 65C. The available repellent products, such as creams, roll-ons, and sprays for personal protection against mosquitoes, lack adequate long-term efficacy . Mosquitoes are the key vectors of several tropical diseases including malaria, filariasis, and viral diseases such as dengue, chikungunya, west-Nile, yellow fever and zika 1, 2, 3, 4. Using insect repellents safely and effectively. What are the most common side effects with insect repellents? J. Toxicol. Continuous or prolonged use of different repellents (at least 8-10 hour/day) highly affects blood, plasma, different tissues, red cells etc. In this study also, the blend of citronella, clove and lemon grass oil showed best results against mosquitoes under K&D study. 28, 209217 (1996). The present study investigates the repellent activity of a non-toxic EO-MRC formulation against mosquitoes, as per the international standards. use mosquito netting over bed or seating areas. J. Comput. Acute dermal irritation study of EO-MRC on rabbit and repeated dose dermal toxicity study on Wistar rats confirms that EO-MRC is safe and do not produce any harmful effects to the skin. Percie du Sert, N. et al. The ingredient is extract of Oil Nepeta cataria which is a member of the mint family of plants (Labiatae). After incubation, freshly prepared ECL substrate was added to the membranes and immediately visualized and interpreted in G: Box Chemi-XRQ gel doc system (Syngene, United Kingdom). CAS Rev. Neuroscience 92, 163175 (1999). J. Sci. Malar. 57days old adult female Ae. 2. Use screens on windows and doors. The yellow tetrazolium MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazolyl-2)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) is reduced by metabolically active cells, in part by the action of dehydrogenase enzymes, to generate reducing equivalents such as NADH and NADPH. S1, respectively. Islam, J. et al. Hc electrophoresis power supply System ( Bio-Rad, CA, US ) phase C ) gentle. 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